What PDF is
PDF describes a page: glyphs at coordinates, not rows and columns. A table in a PDF is a visual arrangement, not a data structure.
Reports, invoices, statements and anything sent to be read rather than processed.
What AsciiDoc is
AsciiDoc tables are delimited by |=== and take a cols attribute describing the columns.
Antora documentation sites, and technical writing teams that outgrew Markdown.
What changes when you convert PDF to AsciiDoc
Every character in a text-based PDF carries its position on the page. Characters sharing a baseline are one row. Columns are found from the vertical strips no character ever occupies, which is why extraction works cleanly on a document laid out with spacing and badly on one laid out with ruled lines. A header repeated at the top of each page is detected and dropped rather than landing in the middle of the data.
The header option is set so the first row renders as a header row rather than data.
What carries over from PDF to AsciiDoc
AsciiDoc can express everything PDF holds about a table, so this conversion is about shape rather than loss.
AsciiDoc marks its header cells differently from its data cells, so the first row is written with that marker.
This is the direction that recovers structure: PDF has no table in it to read, only an arrangement that looks like one, so the rows and columns are inferred rather than read.