What SQL is
SQL here means the statements that move a table into a database: INSERT INTO with a VALUES list, and optionally the CREATE TABLE that defines the columns.
Anyone seeding a database, moving a spreadsheet into an application, or writing a migration.
What Protobuf Schema is
A proto3 message definition with numbered fields.
gRPC services and anything using Protocol Buffers.
What changes when you convert SQL to Protobuf Schema
Column names come from the INSERT column list, or from a CREATE TABLE if one is present. Quoted strings are unquoted, doubled quotes are collapsed, and NULL becomes an empty cell.
Field numbers are assigned in column order starting at one. Types are inferred from the values.
What carries over from SQL to Protobuf Schema
SQL records 2 things about a table that Protocol Buffers has no way to hold.
An empty cell and a missing one are the same thing in Protocol Buffers, so a null and an empty string in the SQL both come out blank and can no longer be told apart.
Protocol Buffers has no header row. The column names are repeated as keys on every record instead, which is why the result is bigger on disk than the table it came from.
Both formats record types, so numbers, booleans and nulls survive as themselves rather than as text.